Thomas Cannon wrote what may be the earliest published defense of homosexuality in English, Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify'd Although only fragments of his work have survived, it was a humorous anthology of homosexual advocacy, written with an obvious enthusiasm for its subject. Desire is an amatory Impulse of the inmost human Parts: Are not they, however constructed, and consequently impelling, Nature?
Social reformer Jeremy Bentham wrote the first known argument for homosexual law reform in England around , at a time when the legal penalty for buggery was death by hanging. His advocacy stemmed from his utilitarian philosophy , in which the morality of an action is determined by the net consequence of that action on human well-being. He argued that homosexuality was a victimless crime , and therefore not deserving of social approbation or criminal charges. He regarded popular negative attitudes against homosexuality as an irrational prejudice, fanned and perpetuated by religious teachings. With the introduction of the Napoleonic Code in , the Duchy of Warsaw also decriminalized homosexuality.
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In , an anonymous English-language writer wrote a poetic defense of Captain Nicholas Nicholls, who had been sentenced to death in London for sodomy:. Whence spring these inclinations, rank and strong? And harming no one, wherefore call them wrong? In many ways, social attitudes to homosexuality became more hostile during the late Victorian era. In , the Labouchere Amendment was included in the Criminal Law Amendment Act , which criminalized 'any act of gross indecency with another male person'; a charge that was successfully invoked to convict playwright Oscar Wilde in with the most severe sentence possible under the Act.
From the s, social reformers began to defend homosexuality, but due to the controversial nature of their advocacy, kept their identities secret. In , Ives created and founded the first homosexual rights group, the Order of Chaeronea. John Addington Symonds was a poet and an early advocate of male love. In , he wrote A Problem in Greek Ethics , a work of what would later be called " gay history. Chaddock for introducing "homosexual" into the English language in , Symonds had already used the word in A Problem in Greek Ethics.
Symonds also translated classical poetry on homoerotic themes, and wrote poems drawing on ancient Greek imagery and language such as Eudiades , which has been called "the most famous of his homoerotic poems". By the end of his life, Symonds' homosexuality had become an open secret in Victorian literary and cultural circles. In particular, Symonds' memoirs, written over a four-year period, from to , form the one of the earliest known works of self-conscious homosexual autobiography in English.
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The recently decoded autobiographies of Anne Lister are an earlier example in English. Another friend of Ives was the English socialist poet Edward Carpenter. Carpenter thought that homosexuality was an innate and natural human characteristic and that it should not be regarded as a sin or a criminal offense. In the s, Carpenter began a concerted effort to campaign against discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation , possibly in response to the recent death of Symonds, whom he viewed as his campaigning inspiration.
Scottish anarchist John Henry Mackay also wrote in defense of same-sex love and androgyny. English sexologist Havelock Ellis wrote the first objective scientific study of homosexuality in , in which he treated it as a neutral sexual condition. Called Sexual Inversion it was first printed in German and then translated into English a year later. In the book, Ellis argued that same-sex relationships could not be characterized as a pathology or a crime and that its importance rose above the arbitrary restrictions imposed by society.
The book was so controversial at the time that one bookseller was charged in court for holding copies of the work. It is claimed that Ellis coined the term 'homosexual', but in fact he disliked the word due to its conflation of Greek and Latin. These early proponents of LGBT rights, such as Carpenter, were often aligned with a broader socio-political movement known as ' free love '; a critique of Victorian sexual morality and the traditional institutions of family and marriage that were seen to enslave women.
Some advocates of free love in the early 20th century, including Russian anarchist and feminist Emma Goldman , also spoke in defence of same-sex love and challenged repressive legislation. In he formed the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee campaign publicly against the notorious law " Paragraph ", which made sex between men illegal. Adolf Brand later broke away from the group, disagreeing with Hirschfeld's medical view of the " intermediate sex ", seeing male-male sex as merely an aspect of manly virility and male social bonding.
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The book Sind es Frauen? Women only began to join the previously male-dominated sexual reform movement around when the German government tried to expand Paragraph to outlaw sex between women. The institute conducted an enormous amount of research, saw thousands of transgender and homosexual clients at consultations, and championed a broad range of sexual reforms including sex education, contraception and women's rights.
However, the gains made in Germany would soon be drastically reversed with the rise of Nazism , and the institute and its library were destroyed in The Swiss journal Der Kreis was the only part of the movement to continue through the Nazi era. This step was part of a larger project of freeing sexual relationships and expanding women's rights — including legalizing abortion, granting divorce on demand, equal rights for women, and attempts to socialize housework.
During Stalin's era, however, USSR reverted all these progressive measures — re-criminalizing homosexuality and imprisoning gay men and banning abortion.
Its plot centers on Stephen Gordon, a woman who identifies herself as an invert after reading Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis , and lives within the homosexual subculture of Paris. The novel included a foreword by Havelock Ellis and was intended to be a call for tolerance for inverts by publicizing their disadvantages and accidents of being born inverted.
In the United States, several secret or semi-secret groups were formed explicitly to advance the rights of homosexuals as early as the turn of the 20th century, but little is known about them. Immediately following World War II , a number of homosexual rights groups came into being or were revived across the Western world , in Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries and the United States.
These groups usually preferred the term homophile to homosexual , emphasizing love over sex. The homophile movement began in the late s with groups in the Netherlands and Denmark, and continued throughout the s and s with groups in Sweden, Norway, the United States, France , Britain and elsewhere. ONE, Inc. S, [33] was bankrolled by the wealthy transsexual man Reed Erickson.
The homophile movement lobbied to establish a prominent influence in political systems of social acceptability.
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Radicals of the s would later disparage the homophile groups for being assimilationist. Any demonstrations were orderly and polite. S, [35] and a national organization had been formed, but they were largely ignored by the media. A gay march held in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, according to some historians, marked the beginning of the modern gay rights movement. Meanwhile, in San Francisco, the LGBT youth organization Vanguard was formed by Adrian Ravarour to demonstrate for equality, and Vanguard members protested for equal rights during the months of April—July , followed by the August Compton's riot, where transgender street prostitutes in the poor neighborhood of Tenderloin rioted against police harassment at a popular all-night restaurant, Gene Compton's Cafeteria.
The Wolfenden Report was published in Britain on 4 September after publicized convictions for homosexuality of well-known men, including Lord Montagu. Disregarding the conventional ideas of the day, the committee recommended that "homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offence".
All but James Adair were in favor of this and, contrary to some medical and psychiatric witnesses' evidence at that time, found that "homosexuality cannot legitimately be regarded as a disease, because in many cases it is the only symptom and is compatible with full mental health in other respects. When passed, the Sexual Offences Act decriminalised homosexual acts between two men over 21 years of age in private in England and Wales.
The seemingly innocuous phrase 'in private' led to the prosecution of participants in sex acts involving three or more men, eg the Bolton 7 who were so convicted as recently as Bisexual activism became more visible toward the end of the s in the United States. In bisexual activist Robert A. Martin a. In Columbia University officially recognized this group, thus making them the first college in the United States to officially recognize a gay student group.
Due to this, bisexuals began to be included in the facility's programs for the first time. The American Psychiatric Association removed "homosexuality" from the diagnostics manual of mental illness in The new social movements of the sixties, such as the Black Power and anti-Vietnam war movements in the US, the May insurrection in France, and Women's Liberation throughout the Western world, inspired many LGBT activists to become more radical, [34] and the Gay Liberation movement emerged towards the end of the decade.
This new radicalism is often attributed to the Stonewall riots of , when a group of gay men, transgender women, lesbians, and drag queens at a bar in New York resisted a police raid. Their use of the word gay represented a new unapologetic defiance—as an antonym for straight "respectable sexual behavior" , it encompassed a range of non-normative sexuality and sought ultimately to free the bisexual potential in everyone, rendering obsolete the categories of homosexual and heterosexual.
Chapters of the GLF were established across the U. The Gay Liberation movement overall, like the gay community generally and historically, has had varying degrees of gender nonconformity and assimilationist platforms among its members. Early marches by the Mattachine society and Daughters of Bilitis stressed looking "respectable" and mainstream, and after the Stonewall Uprising the Mattachine Society posted a sign in the window of the club calling for peace. Gender nonconformity has always been a primary way of signaling homosexuality and bisexuality, and by the late s and mainstream fashion was increasingly incorporating what by the s would be considered "unisex" fashions.
Johnson and Sylvia Rivera , formed the group Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries STAR , which focused on providing support for gay prisoners, housing for homeless gay youth and street people, especially other young "street queens". Bisexual activist Brenda Howard is known as the "Mother of Pride" for her work in coordinating the march, which occurred in in New York City, and she also originated the idea for a week-long series of events around Pride Day which became the genesis of the annual LGBT Pride celebrations that are now held around the world every June.
Martin aka Donny the Punk and gay activist L. Craig Schoonmaker are credited with popularizing the word "Pride" to describe these festivities. One of the values of the movement was gay pride. Los Angeles held a big parade on the first Gay Pride Day. Smaller demonstrations were held in San Francisco, Chicago, and Boston. Bob Mellors and Aubrey Walter had seen the effect of the GLF in the United States and created a parallel movement based on revolutionary politics and alternative lifestyle. By , the UK GLF was recognized as a political movement in the national press, holding weekly meetings of to people.
Groups of GLF members in drag invaded and spontaneously kissed each other; others released mice , sounded horns, and unveiled banners, and a contingent dressed as workmen obtained access to the basement and shut off the lights.
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Easter saw the Gay Lib annual conference held in the Guild of Undergraduates Union students union building at the University of Birmingham. By , internal disagreements had led to the movement's splintering. The Leicester group founded by Jeff Martin was noted for its involvement in the setting up of the local "Gayline", which is still active today and has received funding from the National Lottery. They also carried out a high-profile campaign against the local paper, the Leicester Mercury , which refused to advertise Gayline's services at the time. From activists protested the classification of homosexuality as a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association in their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , and in it was replaced with a category of "sexual orientation disturbance" then "ego-dystonic homosexuality," which was also deleted, although "gender identity disorder" a term used for Gender dysphoria remains.
In , Sweden became the first country in the world to allow people who were transsexual by legislation to surgically change their sex and provide free hormone replacement therapy. Sweden also permitted the age of consent for same-sex partners to be at age 15, making it equal to heterosexual couples.
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Bisexuals became more visible in the LGBT rights movement in the s. The Statement, which may have been "the first public declaration of the bisexual movement" and "was certainly the first statement on bisexuality issued by an American religious assembly," appeared in the Quaker Friends Journal and The Advocate in From the anarchist Gay Liberation movement of the early s arose a more reformist and single-issue Gay Rights movement, which portrayed gays and lesbians as a minority group and used the language of civil rights—in many respects continuing the work of the homophile period.
Gay and lesbian rights advocates argued that one's sexual orientation does not reflect on one's gender; that is, "you can be a man and desire a man Veteran activists such as Sylvia Rivera and Beth Elliot were sidelined or expelled because they were transgender. When elected she was married in a heterosexual marriage. The British journal Gay Left also began publication. In , Harvey Milk was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors becoming the first openly gay man in the United States elected to public office.
In , a former Miss America contestant and orange juice spokesperson, Anita Bryant , began a campaign "Save Our Children," [75] in Dade County, Florida greater Miami , which proved to be a major set-back in the Gay Liberation movement. Essentially, she established an organization which put forth an amendment to the laws of the county which resulted in the firing of many public school teachers on the suspicion that they were homosexual.
In , a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness.