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American Journal of Public Health, 83 , — Farquhar, C. Antenatal couple counseling increases uptake of interventions to prevent HIV-1 transmission. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 37 , — Ford, C. Annals of Epidemiology, 17 , — Hernandez, A. Sexual behavior among men who have sex with women, men, and Hijras in Mumbai, India-multiple sexual risks. Huxley, P. Partnership in transsexualism.
Part ii. The nature of the partnership.
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Archives of Sexual Behavior, 10 , — Israel, G. Transgender care: Recommended guidelines, practical information, and personal accounts. Google Scholar. Kellogg, T. Incidence of human immondeficiency virus among male-to-female transgendered persons in San Francisco. Journal Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 28 , — Lansky, A. HIV behavioral surveillance in the U. Public Health Reports, Suppl. Modan, B. Prevalence of HIV antibodies in transsexual and female prostitutes. American Journal of Public Health, 82 , — Money, J.
Gynemimesis and gynemimetophilia: Individual and cross-cultural manifestations of a gender-coping strategy hitherto unnamed. We generated 3, ESTs from teliospores produced on the senescent primary wheat host. Finally, we generated 6, reads from haustoria isolated from infected wheat as well as 1, sequences from germinated urediniospores. Along with 25, previously generated ESTs, we compiled a database of 13, non-redundant sequences 4, singlets and 8, contigs. A collection of 6, fungal genes was identified and compared to sequences of the cereal rusts, Puccinia graminis f.
Directory of Open Access Journals Sweden. Full Text Available Abstract Background Rust fungi are biotrophic basidiomycete plant pathogens that cause major diseases on plants and trees world-wide, affecting agriculture and forestry. Results To support gene discovery and gene model verification in the genome of the wheat leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina Pt, we have generated Expressed Sequence Tags ESTs by sampling several life cycle stages.
From pycniospores and aeciospores, produced by infecting the alternate host, meadow rue Thalictrum speciosissimum, 4, and 1, reads were generated, respectively. The sample included 64 men and women asexual participants and 57 26 men and 31 women uncertain asexual participants recruited from social networks for asexual people.
The control group included men and women heterosexual participants recruited from general social networks. Participants scoring 40 or higher on the Asexuality Identification Scale were classified as asexual. Asexual participants reported having less frequent masturbation, sexual intercourse experience, and sexual and romantic attraction compared to heterosexual participants. Lower sexual attraction among asexuals indicated that "people who experience little or no sexual attraction" would be a more appropriate definition of asexuality.
Asexual participants scored significantly lower on dyadic sexual desire and slightly lower on solitary sexual desire than heterosexual participants. There were significant differences in sexual activities and solitary sexual desire among romantic orientation categories. Homoromantic participants showed higher dyadic sexual desire and were more likely to engage in masturbation, indicating the heterogeneity among asexual people. The findings indicated that Chinese asexual people showed similar patterns of asexuality as in Western nations.
Specifically, asexual people have little or no sexual attraction, non-partner-orientated sexual desire, and are heterogeneous in sexual activities and sexual desire. This implies similar mechanisms underlying the etiology of asexuality across cultures. Although lack of sexual attraction was first quantified by Kinsey, large-scale and systematic research on the prevalence and correlates of asexuality has only emerged over the past decade.
Several theories have been posited to account for the nature of asexuality. The goal of this review was to consider the evidence for whether asexuality is best classified as a psychiatric syndrome or a symptom of one , a sexual dysfunction, or a paraphilia.
Based on the available science, we believe there is not sufficient evidence to support the categorization of asexuality as a psychiatric condition or symptom of one or as a disorder of sexual desire. There is some evidence that a subset of self-identified asexuals have a paraphilia. We also considered evidence supporting the classification of asexuality as a unique sexual orientation. We conclude that asexuality is a heterogeneous entity that likely meets conditions for a sexual orientation, and that researchers should further explore evidence for such a categorization. Human asexuality is generally defined as a lack of sexual attraction.
We used online questionnaires to investigate reasons for masturbation, and explored and compared the contents of sexual fantasies of asexual individuals identified using the Asexual Identification Scale with those of sexual individuals. A total of asexual participants women, 59 men and sexual participants women, men participated. Asexual women were significantly less likely to masturbate than sexual women, sexual men, and asexual men.
Asexual women were less likely to report masturbating for sexual pleasure or fun than their sexual counterparts, and asexual men were less likely to report masturbating for sexual pleasure than sexual men. Both asexual women and men were significantly more likely than sexual women and men to report that they had never had a sexual fantasy.
Of those who have had a sexual fantasy, asexual women and men were significantly more likely to endorse the response "my fantasies do not involve other people" compared to sexual participants, and consistently scored each sexual fantasy on a questionnaire as being less sexually exciting than did sexual participants. When using an open-ended format, asexual participants were more likely to report having fantasies about sexual activities that did not involve themselves, and were less likely to fantasize about topics such as group sex, public sex, and having an affair.
Interestingly, there was a large amount of overlap between sexual fantasies of asexual and sexual participants. Notably, both asexual and sexual participants both men and women were equally likely to fantasize about topics such as fetishes and BDSM. Coexistence of sexual individuals and genetically isolated asexual counterparts in a thrips. Sex is a paradoxical phenomenon because it is less efficient compared with asexual reproduction. To resolve this paradox we need a direct comparison between sexual and asexual forms. In many organisms, however, sexual and asexual forms do not occur in the same habitat, or at the same time.
In a few cases where sexual and asexual forms are found in a single population, some though rare genetic exchange is usually detected between the two forms. When genetic exchange occurs a direct comparison is impossible. Here we investigate a thrips exhibiting both sexual and asexual forms lineages that are morphologically indistinguishable. We examine if the two forms are genetically isolated. Phylogeny based on nuclear genes confirms that the sexual and asexual lineages are genetically differentiated. Thus we demonstrate that the current system has certain advantages over existing and previously used model systems in the evolution of sexual reproduction.
Adaptations to different habitats in sexual and asexual populations of parasitoid wasps: a meta-analysis.
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Background Coexistence of sexual and asexual populations remains a key question in evolutionary ecology. We address the question how an asexual and a sexual form of the parasitoid Venturia canescens can coexist in southern Europe. We test the hypothesis that both forms are adapted to different habitats within their area of distribution. Sexuals inhabit natural environments that are highly unpredictable, and where density of wasps and their hosts is low and patchily distributed.
Asexuals in Asexual reproduction, including parthenogenesis in which embryos develop within a female without fertilization, is assumed to confer advantages over sexual reproduction, which includes a "cost of males. But the evolution of sexual reproduction remains unclear, because we have limited examples that demonstrate the relative success of sexual lineages in the face of competition from asexual lineages in the same environment. Here we investigated a sympatric occurrence of sexual and asexual reproduction in the pineapple mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes.
This pest invaded southwestern Japan, including Okinawa and Ishigaki Islands, in the s in association with imported pineapple plants.
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Our recent censuses demonstrated that on Okinawa sexually reproducing individuals can coexist with and even dominate asexual individuals in the presence of habitat and resource competition, which is considered to be severe for this nearly immobile insect. Molecular phylogeny based on partial DNA sequences in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, as well as the endosymbiotic bacterial genome, revealed that the asexual lineage diverged from a common sexual ancestor in the relatively recent past.
In contrast, only the asexual lineage exhibiting obligate apomictic thelytoky was discovered on Ishigaki. Co-existence of the two lineages cannot be explained by the results of laboratory experiments, which showed that the intrinsic rate of increase in the sexual lineage was not obviously superior to that of the asexual lineage. This biological system offers a unique opportunity to assess. Sexual conflict and the evolution of asexuality at low population densities.
Theories for the evolution of sex rarely include facultatively sexual reproduction. Sexual harassment by males is an underappreciated factor: it should at first sight increase the relative advantage of asexual reproduction by increasing the cost of sex. However, if the same females can perform either sexual or asexual life cycles, then females trying to reproduce asexually may not escape harassment. If resisting male harassment is costly, it might be beneficial for a female to accept a mating and undertake a sexual life cycle rather than 'insist' on an asexual one.
We investigate the effects of sexual harassment on the maintenance of sex under different population densities. Our model shows that resisting matings pays off at low population densities, which leads to the complete extinction of males, and thus to the evolution of completely asexual populations.
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Facultative sex persists in a narrow range of slightly higher densities. At high densities, selection favours giving up resisting male mating attempts and thus sexual reproduction takes over. These interactions between the outcomes of sexual conflict and population density suggest an explanation for the rarity of facultative sex and also patterns of geographical parthenogenesis, where marginal environments with potentially low densities are associated with asexuality.
Sexual and asexual oogenesis require the expression of unique and shared sets of genes in the insect Acyrthosiphon pisum. Full Text Available Abstract Background Although sexual reproduction is dominant within eukaryotes, asexual reproduction is widespread and has evolved independently as a derived trait in almost all major taxa.
Things asexuals really wish you'd stop asking them - BBC Three
How asexuality evolved in sexual organisms is unclear. Aphids, such as Acyrthosiphon pisum, alternate between asexual and sexual reproductive means, as the production of parthenogenetic viviparous females or sexual oviparous females and males varies in response to seasonal photoperiodism. Consequently, sexual and asexual development in aphids can be analyzed simultaneously in genetically identical individuals.
Results We compared the transcriptomes of aphid embryos in the stages of development during which the trajectory of oogenesis is determined for producing sexual or asexual gametes.