Their corpses were thrown into shallow graves. However, the bodies of Rebecca Nurse, John Proctor and George Jacobs were eventually retrieved by their families and given Christian burials. Some were burned alive while others were initially hanged or beheaded and later incinerated to prevent any possibility of postmortem black magic. While the majority were women, men were also both accused and convicted of being involved in the occult. In fact, five of the 20 who were executed were men.
These men were not well-liked in the community and many were very outspoken against the witch trials. Many believe that this is perhaps why certain men and women were targeted and accused of witchcraft. A drawing of the death of Giles Corey who was pressed with heavy stones for failing to enter a plea to the charge of being a witch during the Salem Witch Trials.
It is unknown exactly what brought about the mass hysteria in Salem in Some have theorized that the witch hunts were the result of personal vendettas or economic competition, while others have suggested that the consumption of ergot-poisoned rye grain may have resulted in hallucinations and faulty thinking among the Puritans in New England.
Whatever the case, the Salem witch trials and executions are universally declared as a shameful part of history.
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The Puritans themselves recognized the errors of their ways and held a day of prayer on January 15, , known as the Day of Official Humiliation, to plead with God for forgiveness. In , the trials were declared unlawful. However, it took more than years for Massachusetts to formally apologize for the events of On the th anniversary of the first mass execution, the city of Salem dedicated Proctor's Ledge as a memorial to the victims who were hanged there.
We pause to remember the events of that tragic day, as well as honor the victims and the heroism of first responders. Here are some of the lesser-known African American women scientists who have made groundbreaking impacts in their respective fields. Known for his brash and raucous rhetoric, the essayist and playwright turned the spotlight on the health crisis affecting gay men in New York City at a time no one wanted to hear about it.
The historic event triggered the women's rights movement in America. During the photo discussion, another participant shared a photograph of a stained glass mosaic window he created to symbolize the cathartic power of art and the importance of art in his life.
He stated:. And I wish there were more opportunities that were free that would just be another outlet for survival. Finally, participants reported that some of these coping mechanisms provided them consolation, as illustrated in the comment:. Spam [a type of canned meat] for me is comfort, a tie to the past. Having lost every member of my immediate family, there only remain two constants, Spam and God. Participants talked about how they wanted and needed acceptance and support, both from themselves and others. One participant shared the importance of self-acceptance:. In order to have someone love you, you need to love yourself.
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Participants also shared the processes and time it took to develop support for living with HIV. A couple of years after being diagnosed I began to become educated, meeting people who lived a successful life with longevity that had a lot to offer, a productive life. That gave me hope that I could accomplish those things they were. In addition to support for living with HIV, participants described how they developed and found acceptance and support broadly from nonfamilial sources. As described by a participant who had taken a picture of his computer desktop:.
I met a lot of good people through them [playing video games], a lot of people who understood me. I made my own family of online friends. They know everything about me; I know everything about them. They are my real family. Participants discussed how their future aspirations were driven by wanting to improve the social conditions for others.
They described that focusing on career- and monetary-based definitions of success, which many held before diagnosis, were less important after diagnosis. Instead, participants concluded that as long as basic needs were covered and they could live comfortably, their new goals for success were based on their desire to overcome the experiences they had with rejection and discrimination and help others overcome them as well. The next two quotes from two participants illustrate their unique plans to meet this goal:. Having my movies and TV shows seen and having people feel better, by helping take people outside of all the negative stuff going on in this world, that makes me feel better and keeps me going too.
I want to give back to adolescents with HIV. In addition to improving conditions for people broadly and for persons with HIV specifically, participants related success to being happy with, and appreciative of, themselves. Participants also desired familial harmony and wanted their families to be unified with them regardless of their HIV status. A participant illustrated his aspiration with the following comment:.
Success for me is accepting and realizing that at the end of the day because we are family we still need to be together. In order to reach success, I need to have a foundation in self-acceptance and self-love. Relationships with specific individuals could also be inspirational and encouraging.
Some participants drew from these relationships to motivate them to take steps toward their goals:. God will bring you something this small [referring to his baby who is HIV negative] to let you know that you have the strength to live and to keep going. She [the baby] got me focused. I live by myself. I support myself. This is my strength right here. During the photo exhibition and community forum, photographs and captions were displayed; the participants and facilitators presented the findings. Afterward, attendees engaged in discussion with participants to identify actions to improve the health of Black MSM with HIV by addressing their needs and priorities Aim 2.
After reviewing the themes from the photo discussions and completing the empowerment-based discussions, community forum attendees and participants identified 12 actions see Table 2. Attendees shared resources and information about relevant upcoming events and created and strengthened relationships with one another and with the participants. Second, a representative from a local art museum hosted a private tour of an art exhibit and art-making workshop for the participants free of charge. During the art-making workshop, she coached the participants through a printmaking process.
Although a one-time event, she encouraged the participants to continue connecting with her and the museum. After the photo exhibition and community forum were completed, the facilitators created a professionally bound book, which summarized the photovoice project, photo exhibition, and community forum. This book included the themes discussed, photographs shared, and community forum—identified actions. This photovoice project book was helpful in the advocacy work of one of the participants after the project had completed.
This participant, along with one of the facilitators and a coauthor had a meeting with a local U. House of Representatives congresswoman whose district encompassed part of the area where this photovoice project was implemented. At the meeting, the photovoice project book and a summary of the photo exhibition and community forum were presented and discussed. Although she was unable to attend, she did send a staff member to the photo exhibition and community forum and they were able to meet afterward. Participants identified a variety of reasons they liked the photovoice project, including the opportunity for self-expression e.
No participants recommended any changes to the photovoice project. Participants were asked to describe the photovoice project. This study described the needs, assets, and priorities of Black MSM with HIV who live in the Southern United States, identified actions to improve their health, and assessed the impacts of photovoice.
The six men who participated in the project described discrimination and rejection and lack of mental health services as needs and priorities.
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These men also reported assets, including sources of acceptance and support and future aspirations, which motivated them to live as healthily as possible and to give back to others. During the community forum, community attendees and participants identified a wide range of potential actions to improve the health and well-being of Black MSM with HIV, ranging from activities focused at the individual level to those that call attention to larger structural issues.
The witch hunts resulted in the arrests of 150 people
Finally, participants described a number of reasons why participating in the photovoice process was a positive experience, which suggests that photovoice may have a positive impact and is a highly acceptable research methodology to these participants. Some of the findings in this study that describe aspects of the lives of PLWH are similar to other research findings.
Previous research has described the importance of discrimination, difficulty disclosing, a lack of acceptance for their sexual orientation, and HIV serostatus Jeffries et al. For some participants, church was a setting where they experienced discrimination and rejection; for other participants, God was a crucial component of their spirituality and provided comfort. This tension reappeared when participants were deciding on whom to invite to the photo exhibition and community forum; several of the participants suggested inviting their pastors or pastors from certain churches who they knew would be supportive of them, but for others, though recognizing pastors as influential advocates, they felt hesitancy toward inviting them to the photo exhibition and community forum.
These negative experiences may have made it more difficult for participants to turn to their churches for comfort and to cope. This study also makes contributions to the literature about the impacts of photovoice.
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Similar to other studies, participants described the photovoice project as a highly positive experience Foster-Fishman et al. It seems like a key impact of this photovoice process is the relationships formed and built through photovoice. For persons with HIV, their interpersonal relationships play a very important role in their treatment and care Rhodes et al. These findings raise questions for future research to explore how photovoice results in these positive impacts. The findings for this photovoice project should be viewed in light of its limitations.
This study was carried out with a small number of participants, although it was close to the ideal size of 7—10 people for group discussions Wang, While this study was able to develop an in-depth understanding and gain rich descriptive information about this population, it is possible that additional themes and impacts of photovoice could have been identified with more participants. It should also be recognized that this sample represents a particularly hard-to-reach population that has been disproportionately affected by HIV. In addition, this study did not have the capacity to conduct an economic analysis on photovoice.
However, this study provided evidence from the participants of the actions they took. Despite these limitations, this research project demonstrated the advantages of photovoice as a participatory needs assessment.